Bushwalking in The United States

South-East Forests and Logging

All Care and Responsibility

Wilderness Safety

Human Waste Management Workshop – World’s Best Practice in Remote Areas

Kosciuuszko Summit Technical Committee (KSTC)

The Poo Tube Is Coming!

Snowy Mountains Resorts Sewage Treatment Plants. (STP)

Canyon Access

BWR Training

NavShield 2000

Wombeyan Caves Search

BWR Revamp.

Oral History Project Released

4TH World Rogaining Championships New Zealand 15/16 JAN. 2000

 

 

The Poo Tube Is Coming!

Most of the overseas methods for the removal of human waste from remote areas involve the removal of sealed containers by helicopter, management vehicles or pack animals such as donkeys or llamas. In Australia commercial guided walks operators may be required to have the waste man packed out. . The Army Adventurous Training Corps (AATC) devised a toilet sledge for their ski touring activities. It must have been an experience for the novice skier private "volunteered" to tow it. Outward Bound (OB) has trialed their own version of a poo tube made from 100mm PVC pipe 960 mm long. Each of the two party leaders carried one tube fitted with straps that secured it to the back of their rucsacs. This was satisfactory for their ski touring parties. For canoeing expeditions or campsites accessible by vehicle, OB have used steel "bomb canisters" as used by the Army for transport of land mines. These are no longer in production.

None of the above are intended for ordinary bushwalkers in remote areas. The traditional advice is to carry a light trowel and to bury faeces and toilet paper 150 mm below ground level. There are three (at least) problems ,no one really knows if the "biologically active zone" extends to that depth , in many rocky alpine areas there is not that depth of soil, and the digging activity may sever the roots of plants growing well away from the hole. Other expedients have involved prising out a rock and replacing it on top of the faeces, shallow cat holes or a smearing operation with the back of a trowel to induce rapid decomposition.

A research scientist at the University of Tasmania has begun an investigation of vegetation responses to digging and the rates of decomposition of known dry weights of toilet paper and tampons in mass bags at depths of 50 and 150 mm in the same hole in different remote areas ranging from coastal dunes to alpine feldmark. Also a synthetic urine will be applied to random vegetation plots with varying degrees of repetition and the effects mapped and remapped over the three year project duration.

The Poo Tube for bushwalkers is a joint project of the Australian Alps Liaison Committee, the AATC and the Victorian Bushwalking and Mountaincraft Training Advisory Board. The latter is responsible for the training of outdoor leaders. The first prototype was made from 150 mm PVC Sewer piping fitted with screw caps and about the height of a chamber pot. Naturally this was too bulky and heavy for walkers. The current model is made from 100mm PVC with a sealed base and a screw cap with O ring seal. It is intended to strap to the outside of a rucsac and has been proven to cater for four people on a three day trip or eight people over a 2 day weekend. Obviously the most cunnning walkers volunteer for the earliest carry. The material cost is about $30. Bob McConnell is taking a sample Poo Tube back to the USA having swapped it for an autographed copy of his most recent book. He might have an interesting time with the US Customs if he declares his trophy Poo tubes and their use have been featured in Wild magazine. For the rest of us, the waste is deposited on several layers of greaseproof paper and then rolled up like fish and chips before inserting into the poo tube.

Disposal can be into existing pit or composting toilets, toilet discharge points in caravan parks or marinas or, gradually, into domestic toilets.

The poo tube is coming to NSW and will be welcomed by bushwalkers etc with concerns for the environmental and health effects of human faeces. We too can spread organisms like giardia and cryptospiridium and the incidence of the former is said to be increasing in possums presumably after digging up our cat holes.

Canyoning and ski touring are likely to be the first activities in NSW where the use of poo tubes will be encouraged or made a condition of an access permit. However the timing should depend on the provision of facilities for disposal by or for the NPWS near popular entry points.

Snowy Mountains Resorts Sewage Treatment Plants. (STP)

Snowy Mountains Resorts Sewage Treatment Plants. (STP)

The STP at Smiggins Holes Perisher and Charlotte Pass are operated by the NPWS, under licenses with the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) All provide tertiary treatment but are currently being upgraded to improve the conversion of ammonia into nitrogen. Full details are available in the Environmental Impact Statement., and inquiries should be directed in the first instance to the NPWS Library at Hurstville. The ammonia problem is related to the slow build up of sewage in the system and the natural processes are not self-sustaining until half way through the ski season. Part of the solution is to increase the size of the final storage pond to allow for longer residence times before discharge to the receiving waters.

The volume exceeds the EPA limits about 4-5 time a year on average. These events are directly related to snow melt and heavy rain events. There have been no exceedences of the eight criteria regulated by the EPA licence Samples are taken and analysed once a week in winter and once a fortnight in summer. In addition invertebrates and micro organisms are monitored above and below the entry of treated water into the natural streams. This biological monitoring produces a more meaningful and expeditious measurement of the health of the stream than the chemical criteria and the numbers of indicator organisms such as E coli

Canyon Access


I think Rick Jamieson’s suggestion that by restricting access to the Newnes and Wollemi Canyons by making the walk in longer will force many day trippers into closer, already overcrowded canyons such as Claustral or Wollongambe, is true. In this day and age of longer working hours and reduced leisure time, not everyone has the pleasure of being able to take more than one day off to undertake outdoor pursuits. Rather than wholesale access restrictions, the NPWS need to install proper gates and fences that will effectively prevent trail bikes and 4wds from entering our treasured wilderness areas. I have seen quite a few unsatisfactory gate/fence arrangements in a range of National Parks in NSW (including the Blue Mts) where trail bike riders and 4 wheel drivers have simply constructed or found detours to by pass these obstacles. Effective gates/fencing doesn’t need to be expensive. What’s needed is a bit of foresight when assessing/designing gate/fence arrangements. A bit more monitoring of areas by rangers probably wouldn’t go astray also. Monotoring of areas could also have the added benefit of reducing car vandalism. It is most certainly our right to have access to canyons in National Parks. As tax paying Australian citizens and along with indigenous people, we are all part owners of these fragile areas. Whilst I believe National Parks are absolutely essential in the protection and management of wilderness areas, they should strive to be more inovative and proactive rather than burecratic.
Mike Law-Smith

BWR Training

A very successful Training Weekend was held at Cataract Scout Park again. Over 70 persons took part in an active program that included navigation HF radios. Land search techniques, incident management, casualty handling/improvised stretchers etc. Unfortunately Careflight was unable to attend so the helicopter training remained theoretical. BWR achieved its aims of training bushwalkers as both to be self reliant in managing trip emergencies and as rescue personnel.

NavShield 2000

NavShield Entry Forms will be posted this month to clubs and past participants.

Early next month we plan to meet the local landholders for the proposed NavShield 2000 site. They know where the NavShield will be but you will need to register. This year again, you don’t need to register solely by snail mail but can register via the NavShieId website that can be accessed from the Confederation website at www.bushwalking.org.au

Wombeyan Caves Search

 

David Robinson-Sydney Bushwalking Club/Rocksquad

Sunday, March 5 - A family outing on 125 hectares of rugged land that they had just purchased, about 6km south west of Wombeyan Caves.

The day was warm and the mood relaxed. City people keen to experience and learn about "the bush". They decided to explore their property. The two young girls in the group, one 10 and the other 11 had been promised that they could select their "acre" on which to erect a cubby house and were excited about doing this. Their chance to have their own little home.

The explorers piled into a four wheel drive vehicle, and left the less adventurous at the "shack" to relax and enjoy the sounds and smells of the "bush". They followed the fence line away from the shack and down the hill until they can drive no further, blocked by the rugged terrain. They decided to park the vehicle and continue on foot. They were about 15 minutes walk from the shack. After a few minutes on foot the girls decided to turn back and wait at the vehicle for the others to return. The parents were none too keen on this but they were within sight of the vehicle and reluctantly agreed. They watched the kids make their way back toward the vehicle and continued their walk.

About 45 minutes later, the parents arrived back at the vehicle to find the girls were not there. They checked the area but could find no trace; they called their names and sounded the horn but there was no reply. They assumed the girls had tired of waiting and had returned to the shack, only a short distance away along the fence line. They drove back to the shack to find the girls had not returned and had not been seen. Maybe they were looking for their "acre" over in the cleared area on the other side of the fence? The parents decided to search this area - again, without result. Panic started to set in. Maybe if they gave them a couple of hours they would walk in, meanwhile, they went back over their tracks. No trace was found and they did not walk in.

Mittagong Police were notified mid afternoon and immediately contacted the local rescue squad, Berrima Volunteer Rescue Association (VRA). Jointly, a small contingent conducted a preliminary search with assistance of family members. They failed to locate the girls before the search was suspended for the night at sunset.

Bushwalkers Wilderness Rescue (BWR), also a VRA squad, was contacted by Berrima VRA at 21:30 on Sunday and immediately put the network of club contacts into action. At this early stage BWR had been given little detail apart from the fact that two young girls were missing in rough country near Wombeyan Caves.

By 06:30 on Monday morning, searchers from the BWR Committee and the Rocksquad, Canberra Bushwalking Club, Southern Adventure Society, SPAN, Sutherland Bushwalking Club, Springwood Bushwalking Club, UTS Outdoor Adventure Club and Yarrawood Bushwalking Club were at the search area awaiting instructions.

It had rained overnight and there was thick fog hanging over the search area. The parents had experienced "the worst night of their lives", and were concerned that the girls may not have survived. They worried about hypothermia and imagined all sorts of horrors that may have befallen them. Members of the search teams assured them that this was highly unlikely and that the odds were that they would be found quickly and unharmed.

By this time, VRA members from Berrima and Binalong together with local SES and Police were starting to arrive. The K9 Search and Rescue Dogs Squad, also a VRA member, was in attendance and Polair was organised. The helicopter would not be able to operate until the fog lifted, however, and this was not expected until later in the morning. Locals on horseback and trail bikes had also been organised to join the search group. Rural Fire Service four wheel drives were to patrol perimeter bush tracks.

By 0700 John Tonitto, search coordinator for BWR had been briefed by the local Police coordinator and a search strategy put in place. Bushwalkers were split into search groups of five, radios issued and tested and local maps provided. The search was on in earnest.

Within minutes of mobilisation, a radio call was received at search HQ confirming that the girls had been found by one of the four wheel drive units. They were approximately 5 kms from where they had last been seen and were cold, hungry and thirsty but otherwise unhurt. They were returned to their parents.

This search shows how search and rescues are commonly run these days: a quick search is initially done by the local police and people on the scene, and is escalated the next day if unsuccessful.

Whilst this search was "over before it started", it was shown once again that a large ground search can be organised and implemented within tight timeframes and that the system works. BWR had around 20 people in attendance, all of whom were notified only shortly before midnight the night before.

For more information about Bushwalkers Wilderness Rescue, talk to your club search and rescue contact, or visit our web page at:

http://www.mcauley.nsw.edu.au/rescue/

Or visit the VRA web page at:

http://www.rescue.org.au/~rescue/

BWR Revamp.

BWR is tightening up its internal structure by moving to a fixed squad and auxiliaries. The members of the fixed squad will have a distinct quantified group of skills that will include First Aid Certificate, search management ALVRI cliff rescue training etc. We are currently finalising the list i description of skills and the level of identification (uniform) that will apply to emphasise our fixed squad and auxiliar)i members. Most of the bushwalkers who trained recently at Cataract Scout Park have the skills BWR would expect of its larger group of auxiliaries.

Oral History Project Released

In 1994 Andy Macqueen, representing the Friends of Blue Gum Forest, commenced an Oral History Project to record the recollections of early bushwalkers concerning the forest.

The project grew so large and absorbing that Andy was compelled to carry on to write his book Back from the Brink.

Seven of the interviews were taped, and the transcriptions of those tapes have now been finalised. They were formally released during the Rodriguez Pass Centenary walk on 16 April. The transcripts, together with the original tapes, have been lodged with the Local History Collection at the Blue Mountains City Library, Springwood. Anyone interested in reading the transcriptions or listening to the tapes should contact the library. Copies of one or more of the transcripts may be obtained by contacting Andy directly‹phone 4751 2556 or email andymacq@pnc.com.au.

The interviews tend to range over many bushwalking topics beyond Blue Gum Forest, and as such they provide some interesting perspectives on the early days of traditional bushwalking. All the interviewees were keen walkers in their time and all but one was a member of a bushwalking club. Five were in the Sydney Bushwalkers, one in the Coast and Mountain Walkers and one in the Rover Ramblers. Lewis Hodgkinson, lifelong Blackheath resident, was not a club walker but tells of many of his local rambles and related Blackheath history. Unfortunately only one person could be found who was directly involved with the 1931-32 campaign, Joe Turner. (Joe has passed away since his interview, as have John Wood and Tom Herbert.)

The interviewees recorded are as follows.
Ray Bean (1914-): Member of the Sydney Bush Walkers

•Ron Compagnoni (1911-): Member of the Coast & Mountain Walkers and of Blue Gum Forest Trust

• Tom Herbert, OBE (1903-1994): Member of the Sydney Bush Walkers

•Lew Hodgkinson (1915-): Walker and Blackheath identity

•Joe Turner (1901-1999): Member of the Sydney Bush Walkers and of the Blue Gum Forest Committee and Trust

•Jack Watson, AM ISO (1916-): Member of the Rover Ramblers (and Registrar General of NSW)

•John (1916-1998) and Lawrie Wood - Members of the Sydney Bush Walkers

Andy thanks fellow Friends of Blue Gum Philippa Coleman, Aine Gliddon, Erica Gray , Kerry Kirk, Gordon Limburg and Jan Webster for their assistance in the tedious task of making the transcriptions. Thanks are also due to Cath Ireland, tireless National Park ranger and key person behind the Friends of Blue Gum Forest. Cath provided much encouragement throughout the project.

4TH World Rogaining Championships New Zealand 15/16 JAN. 2000

Having completed many rogaines during 1999, I was very keen to go to the 4WRC, especially as it was being held so close to us in New Zealand. What a good excuse for a holiday in beautiful NZ, centred around attending the rogaine, (pity it was peak season on airfares).

Most of my experience has been in 6 hour rogaines over the past few years, but with a 29hr and a 24hr under my belt, I felt suitably prepared for staying out at least part of the time overnight. Fitness was being maintained by bushwalking, rockclimbing, and cycling and I planned a 3 day walk (camping) on the Abel Tasman coastal track in NZ’s South Island just prior to the rogaine.

My team was determined late in November after the organisers advertised through their email list for me, and Peter Gordon from Newcastle answered. Peter’s friend David from Adelaide also came over as part of our team. There were several people whose teams were only finalised on the morning of the event, so if you are keen to attend an event, put your entry in, a partner can be found and a team formed at the last minute. Often these teams do quite well, though I found it better to have been able to meet Peter beforehand and discuss expectations.

There had been variable weather around the Hurunui district before the rogaine weekend but once you are in New Zealand you come to expect any weather conditions at any time and have to be prepared appropriately. During the weekend we had all extremes – cool, windy, misty, foggy, rain, sun, heat. Another constant is the steepness of the terrain, something we Aussies aren’t quite prepared for. The area around Mt. Parnassus and the Waiau River is probably regarded by NZ standards to be quite low hills (mountains) so we were lucky. On my travels through the North and South Islands I saw plenty of taller, steeper terrain, quite a bit of it covered in horrible gorse, and was glad not to be rogaining in that.

Friday afternoon Peter had offered to collect me from the train at Kaikoura (the Whaleway Station), he and David having spent the week driving through the North Island, doing the Tongariro Crossing and climbing Mt. Ruapehu as a warm-up. When they hadn’t arrived and attempts at phone communication weren’t successful, I resorted to checking email and found the answer – they were on a later ferry to Picton than I’d thought. We eventually all met, partook of the local café offerings for sustenance, and headed off to the Rogaine site, arriving after dark, setting up our tents on the large grassy paddock and having a quick feed from the wonderful food supplied. One thing about NZ which is good for rogaines is that it doesn’t get dark till about 9.30pm.

When the maps (thoughtfully produced on plasticised paper with control descriptions printed on the back) were issued on Sat. morning we had to get used to the 1:50,000 scale with 20m contour interval, the incredibly steep hills we couldn’t avoid if we wanted a decent score and the proliferation of streams on the course. We weren’t keen to get our feet wet with 24 hours ahead of us but it soon became impossible to keep them dry, though the photo of Peter shows how to keep them less wet for the longest possible time. He "walked on water" like this many times in the first few hours! Also occurring with great regularity were barbed wire fences with electric cable running on the inside. We became quite adept at climbing over these, as we also did the 2.5 m high deer fences, throughout the night time.

Our course covered the south western area of the map and was amongst some high pointers but also this meant mountainous terrain. We had one short water stop at control 24 in the farmyards that make up the town/property of Mt. Stewart and a 30 min. meal break around 5.30pm just as the weather was turning nasty, beside the water tanks after control 40. No hope of using an almost full moon for navigation. We were scoring quite well and locating all planned controls. The hardest part was the 300m descent to the Anstey Stream and control 91 on the Waiau River and the 600m ascent up the other side to control 76. This really tired us out, though David handled this part extremely well, and it was very misty and had turned dark before we got to 76 so we used deer fences for navigation and abandoned any hope of getting either of the 80 pointers east or west of the ridgeline we were on. Peter did an excellent job of navigating, especially during the night hours, with a map that wasn’t exactly easy to read, to get us back to the road where we had a 4km slog on tar and 6km slog on gravel back to the Hash House and our welcome tents. We had been out for 14 hours, and the food provided was very welcome at 2.30am in the morning!

Unfortunately the last 10km yielded no points. Luckily we didn’t encounter any deer or wild pigs, though often wondering which side of the fences they were on. We did encounter quite a few hedgehogs though, along the fenceline and later beside the Leader Road. The thistles were also quite notable for being everywhere on the mountainsides, and there were some quite scrubby thickets in the gullies.

Overnight the very sore feet recovered sufficiently for us to spend a couple of hours on the course on Sunday morning, after a mutually agreed late rise and a hearty breakfast. We crossed the Leader River and headed north for one control and a long run back to ensure we didn’t lose any points for late arrival. Being a walker, not a runner,

this wasn’t easy and took some time to recover from as I’d been suffering from a pretty bad respiratory condition for the past week. Covering about 40kms was a pretty good effort for our team and showed us what can be done when we get a bit competitive. It honed my mountain climbing skills enough for my hike up to Mueller Hut in Mt. Cook National Park 3 days later, where I did see the full moon.

Overall we finished 138th from 193 teams from 12 countries, with a total of 620 points, 23rd from 29 teams in the Open Mixed category. For those with a map our route took in the following controls: 32, 66, 53, 20, 24, 52, 40, 54, 74, 91, 76, 36 and 47. I’d like to thank my team, Peter and David for such a great effort, and for bearing with me as I struggled up the steepest hills and as I took photos around the course. I’d rogaine again with you guys anytime! Also Jude Elliott from Peninsular and Plains Orienteers in NZ who did such a fantastic job of organising things. The website connection was a great thing for keeping up to date with planning and the results afterwards. The food was also much appreciated, especially the feed after the event – no worries about carbo-loading by then! The presentations were held in the sun, on the back of a farmer’s truck, and were just over when the heavens opened up again. What did I say about variable weather?!